Tuesday, July 29, 2014

When Kurtz cries out, "The horror! The horror!" before he dies in Heart of Darkness, is this an example of indeterminate meaning because it is ambiguous as to what Kurtz is referring to? Or what would be two examples of indeterminate meanings?

Joseph Conrad offers many statements with indeterminate meanings. The multiple layers of filtering through the various narrators add to this indeterminacy, as the story Marlow tells often depends not just on his memories of Kurtz’s statements but on others’ opinions of Kurtz and his enterprise. “The horror!” is an excellent example of the difficulty of interpretation. Among the infinite possible meanings of Kurtz’s dying statement, some are more probable than others. Crying out may not be the expression of conscious thought but a visceral reaction: Kurtz may be suffering tremendous physical pain as he nears death. If it does reflect his thoughts and feelings, he may be experiencing guilt as he reviews in his imagination all the atrocities he has commanded or committed himself. He may also be reflecting on the environment he has created, with skulls stuck on posts, as he briefly comes to his senses and sees it for the horror it really is.
Another sentence with multiple possible meanings is one that Marlow encounters appended to Kurtz’s report: “Exterminate all the brutes!” It seems likely that Kurtz was referring to the indigenous African people whom he had treated so harshly. Another possibility is that he is criticizing the colonial and company personnel who opposed him, or any individual or agency who has more power than he has. Or, rather than dehumanizing human beings, he may actually be referring to animals, possibly the elephants that provide the ivory.

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