Monday, September 17, 2018

can you please tell me what theories these thinkers support: Morgenthau, Carr, Waltz , keohane & Nye, Axelrod, bull, Watson, Meirsheimer and Castenada

Hans Morgenthau (1904 – 1980) was an important thinker in classical realism within international relations. Classical realism posits that the world is in a state of inescapable anarchy in which states seek power due to the reality of human nature.
Kenneth Waltz (1924 - 2013) expanded on Morgenthau's classical realism by positing neo-realism which agrees with the basic premise of an anarchic world but traces its cause to the desire of states to seek security, rather than power for the sake of power.
John Mearsheimer is a subscriber to Waltz's neorealist school. He evolved it into offensive realism which posits that states, seeking security, will try to become more powerful than other states rather than simply attempting to maintain the status quo, or equilibrium.
Hedley Bull (1932 - 1985) proposed a theory of international relations (IR) commonly called "the English School". In his book The Anarchical Society, he proposed an IR approach that sat mid-way between realism and liberalism. World order, he argued, was anarchic, but it could be and had been normalized through the creation of an "international society." While the English School represents a type of normative realism, some contend it is constructivist in its approach.
Adam Watson (1914 - 2007), like Hedley Bull, belonged to the English School of IR.
E.H. Carr (1892 - 1982) is best known for his book The Twenty Years' Crisis which is, essentially, a realist analysis of the state of the world. Despite this, however, he is not generally viewed as a realist.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye are liberal theorists. Liberalism is a normative approach to IR. They, specifically, propose an idea called complex interdependence which posits that, as the world becomes more complex and states become more dependent on each other, the potential for war decreases. Therefore, they argue, transnational functional institutions should be encouraged and created.
Robert Axelrod is also a liberal IR theorist. He may be best known for his 1984 book The Evolution of Cooperation.
Jorge Castañeda has been deeply involved in the examination of Marxist and radical theories of IR but has cautiously advanced ideas based on liberal theories.

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