Three main lessons that Scout Finch learns from Atticus are that "it's a sin to kill a mockingbird," what real courage is, and that justice is not colorblind.
“It’s a sin to kill a mockingbird” means that it is wrong to hurt someone who is not doing any harm to others. In a general sense, Atticus tells the children not to shoot at a mockingbird with their air rifles (chapter 10). By extension, this lesson applies to various characters, including Tom Robinson and Arthur “Boo” Radley.
After Mrs. Dubose dies, Atticus explains to the children that she had been mortally ill for quite a while and that she was also battling morphine addiction (chapter 11). She has real courage, he explains.
I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand.
After Tom Robinson is found guilty, Atticus explains to his outraged children how this could have happened (chapter 23). "Justice" replicates the racial bias of the system, and the prejudices of jurors influence the outcomes of trials.
The one place where a man ought to get a square deal is in a courtroom, be he any color of the rainbow, but people have a way of carrying their resentments right into a jury box.
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