In 1962, President John F. Kennedy delivered a speech at Rice University in Houston, Texas. This speech, focusing on the importance of scientific research and of setting lofty national goals, is marked as a decisive moment in the “space race” as well as in the Cold War overall. Very few U. S. or Soviet manned space flights had yet been made, but President Kennedy proposed to radically accelerate U. S. ambitions. The scientific aspect of the context appealed primarily to logos, while the patriotic side and emphasis on personal commitment used ethos and pathos.
One long passage that became instantly famous in part; it includes logos but primarily combines ethos and pathos.
We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too.
The president mentions the conscious decision to conduct numerous operations: “we choose to go to the moon…; we choose to… do the other things….” He then provides reasons for this logical choice, but the reasons are not in themselves primarily logical. The logos part is that “the goal will serve to organize and measure….” More than logos, he uses ethos to prompt Americans to step up to the plate as he emphasizes the difficulty of the challenge and the responsibility to embrace it: “we choose them… because they are hard…; because that goal will … measure the best…; because… we are willing…; [and] because …we are unwilling….”
Finally, through pathos, he parallels the emphasis on “the best” with the emotional appeal to competition and the desire for victory “we intend to win…”—a type of appeal he had established with an earlier rhetorical question, “why does Rice play Texas?”
https://archive.org/details/John-F-Kennedy_Speech_Rice-Stadium
In his famous speech exhorting Americans to support funding for space research, and specifically the goal of sending astronauts to the moon, President Kennedy made excellent use of all three types of persuasion described by Aristotle.
Ethos is an appeal that is based on the authority and credibility of the speaker. The US president by definition carries authority when he speaks personally, which is why Kennedy delivered this message himself. Kennedy further bolstered his credibility by choosing to deliver the speech at Rice University. Not only did he tacitly borrow the university’s excellent academic reputation by being there, but Rice also named him an honorary visiting professor, something the president mentioned immediately before beginning his remarks.
Pathos is an appeal to the emotions of the listener, which in this case is an appeal to the audience’s patriotism and national pride. Kennedy referenced America’s history as a nation of ambitious strivers who overcame great hardships, presenting the space initiative as a worthy challenge:
We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too.
Kennedy also emphasized the patriotic importance of beating the Soviet Union in a competition where they had a head start. America would not see the moon “governed by a hostile flag of conquest, but by a banner of freedom and peace,” Kennedy said. “We have vowed that we shall not see space filled with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding.”
Not allowing the Russians to beat America in the space race, and potentially gain a military advantage, is simultaneously part of Kennedy’s appeal to logos, or logic.
Kennedy made a detailed case that the US had the technological infrastructure and intellectual expertise to accomplish the mission and that the cost was not an insurmountable one. He broke it down to fifty cents per week for every American, making it understandable to everyone. The president also argued that investing in space research would bring great economic returns in the form of new industries, new technologies, and new jobs:
The growth of our science and education will be enriched by new knowledge of our universe and environment, by new techniques of learning and mapping and observation, by new tools and computers for industry, medicine, the home as well as the school,” Kennedy said. “Space and related industries are generating new demands in investment and skilled personnel, and this city and this State, and this region, will share greatly in this growth.
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