Saturday, April 21, 2018

Expand the following statement and use three points to support it: The Freedom Summer helped build popular support for federal legislation to protect voting rights for African Americans.

National voting reform was implemented nationwide in 1965, when the Voting Rights Act was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson. The Act was intended to enforce the Fifteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, which had been added after the Civil War. However, even after the Fifteenth Amendment was passed, numerous roadblocks to voting were imposed on African Americans. These included literacy tests, very long periods of advance registration, poll taxes, limited hours and inaccessible locations of polling places, and blatant, sometimes violent voter intimidation. Prior to the Voting Rights Act, in 1964 the Twenty-fourth Amendment had been added to the Constitution; it explicitly abolished the poll tax. Although numerous states challenged the Act, it not only stood but was strengthened by further legislation enacted in the 1970s.
What became known as Freedom Summer was primarily a voter registration drive in 1964. This concentrated on the southern states where Black voter suppression was known to be a large problem. Freedom Summer was supported by numerous civil rights organizations, especially the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the Mississippi Council of Federated Organizations (COFO). At the instigation of Robert Moses, SNCC had been conducting similar initiatives in Mississippi since 1961, but the Freedom Summer initiative was far more widespread. The project’s objectives specifically included generating and sustaining national public attention to the issues through regular media coverage. Furthermore, the activists who went from north to south worked with constituent groups to create grassroots organizations that could continue to grow so that the movement would carry on with local support after the outsiders went home.
One tragic event in Mississippi that summer drew national attention: the kidnapping and murder of three young male activists by racist opponents. Michael Schwerner, James Chaney, and Andrew Goodman were missing for more than a month before their bodies were found. The national outcry following this tragedy further emphasized the need for reform.
Also during Freedom Summer, a separate initiative of the COFO was the formation of a parallel political party, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). This party was born because Black people had been excluded from Mississippi Democratic Party representation at the Democratic National Convention (DNC) to select the 1964 presidential candidate. The MFDP's efforts to have the DNC recognize their party drew attention to the exclusion of Black delegates, which in turn discouraged black voters. The media broadcast Fanny Lou Hamer’s convention speech, which helped keep public awareness on the issue.
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/mississippi-freedom-democratic-party-mfdp

https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=100

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