Analyze in detail the ways in which the texts in A Passage to India by E. M. Forster and "The Encounter" by James Joyce relate to George Simmel's The Metropolis and Mental Life.

In The Metropolis and Mental Life, George Simmel argues that many psychological problems emerge from the shift in human civilization away from a rural culture to an urban culture. In particular, humans have evolved to be independent and self-governing, but urban life crowds people together and creates constraints on their time and movement. Many early twentieth-century works deal with the tensions imposed by city life.
For instance, in James Joyce's "An Encounter," the narrator and his friend are desperate for some sense of adventure that they are denied in their heavily regulated lives in the city of Dublin. During the course of their journey, they see poverty, stress, and anxiety, and the narrator even comes to realize that he views his friend negatively.
Likewise, in A Passage to India by E. M. Forster, many of the English characters experience mental tension because of their urbanized background, and they seek out the rough caves of India in order to challenge themselves and feel more alive. An exotic, outdoor space is seen as a cure for the mental stresses imposed by city life.