Identify the use of figures of speech, symbols, allegory, irony, and/or sound in the poem "Bully" by Martin Espada. Describe how these elements affect interpretations of the poem.

One of the most powerful and pervasive techniques Martin Espada uses in his poem "Bully" is situational irony. This type of irony occurs when events unfold in a way that is opposite to what is expected. In this poem, a school that was named after Theodore Roosevelt and features a statue of the former president in its auditorium has now been renamed Hernandez and is primarily attended by Puerto Rican students. One must know the history of Theodore Roosevelt and the Spanish-American War to understand the irony. In that conflict, Roosevelt joined the US Army and fought the Spanish military on the island of Cuba. Others fought Spain in Puerto Rico. With the American victory, Puerto Rico was ceded from Spanish rule to American rule. The irony, then, is that Roosevelt once "invaded" Spanish islands, and now the Puerto-Ricans are invading his domain in the form of the school children. The last stanza juxtaposes the plans Roosevelt made for conquering the Spanish-owned islands with the plots the children make to spray-paint his statue.
In the poem, the statue of Roosevelt is a symbol of the man and his actions. The statue is personified as if it is thinking the thoughts Roosevelt would have.
Espada uses metaphors in the poem as well. The "malaria of conquest" compares imperialism to a disease. The crowds of children are called an "army."
The poem doesn't use much alliteration, but it ends with an obvious repetition of /m/ in "across the Victorian mustache and monocle."
https://www.nps.gov/thrb/learn/historyculture/tr-rr-spanamwar.htm

This is a very complex question, so I will focus on a couple of the aspects of the poem.
The most commonly used figurative techniques in the poem are allusion and imagery. Espada alludes to President Theodore Roosevelt, the Spanish-American War, and the Taino. Espada references these in order to make a point about history and its effect on the present.
The war imagery throughout the poem further illustrates this point. Espada is critiquing the valorization of historical figures, like Roosevelt, who committed monstrous deeds. He describes his “malaria of conquest" and “eugenic spite” and the people he “cursed as mongrels.” Espada sees the takeover of a school formerly named in Roosevelt’s honor by an ethnic group he (Roosevelt) famously fought against as a form of poetic justice.
This is where irony comes into play. It is situational irony that Roosevelt, a man whom Espada describes as prejudiced toward Hispanics, is now surrounded by them, permanently fixed in an auditorium.
All of these aspects of the poem allow Espada to communicate his theme about history, appropriation, and heroes.