Saturday, September 8, 2012

Name the secret societies founded by Giuseppe Mazzini.

Giuseppe Mazzini was a nineteenth-century Italian revolutionary, propagandist, and leading figure of the Risorgimento, a political movement whose goal was the unification of the nation's disparate kingdoms and city-states.
Of the secret political societies he founded, the first was Young Italy in 1832. Mazzini hoped the group would spark a popular insurrection dedicated to the principle that Italy must become, in his words, "one, free, independent, republican nation."
In the following year, he founded another secret society called Young Europe, forging a bond with the refugee leaders of kindred revolutionary nationalist movements. They were eager to dismantle the control of Europe by a few great, authoritarian powers, mandated by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and establish national republics governed by the principles of democracy. During the 1840s, Mazzini continued to develop this concept with the foundation of Young Poland, Young Switzerland, and Young Germany. Yet these groups were still felt to pose so great a threat to the status quo that they were forced to maintain a clandestine existence.

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