What kind of campaign did Calvin Coolidge run to win the presidency?

Calvin Coolidge ran a safety first campaign. The President was popular; the economy was doing well and most Americans felt pretty good with how things were going. There was no need, then, for anything radical from the Republicans—just four more years of the same policies that had proved generally popular with the American people.
Coolidge's campaign slogan "Keep cool with Coolidge" summed up the Republicans' approach. Coolidge was presented as a safe pair of hands, someone who could be relied upon to offer firm, steady leadership in an uncertain world. The Democrats made things a lot easier for the Republicans by choosing a complete nonentity, John W. Davis of West Virginia, as their presidential candidate. Davis's personality was even less forceful than that of the incumbent and so he didn't provide the American people with a particularly compelling reason to come out and vote for him. Instead, they opted for Coolidge in overwhelming numbers, showing their support for his steady leadership and largely successful economic policies.

What are some good quotes that show the foreman's character?

The foreman is a practical man who wants to keep things moving and keep order. Early on, when tempers start to flare because of Juror 10's bigoted remarks, someone says they should stick to the facts. The foreman says, "I think that's a good point. We've got a job to do. Let's do it." He later tries to calm Juror 10 down when Juror 8 taunts him about believing "one of them."
When Juror 5 gets offended at people's comments about the type of neighborhood the accused lived in, the foreman tries to ease tensions again. He says, "Now let's be reasonable. There's nothing personal."
When Juror 8 shows a knife identical to the ostensible murder weapon, which he purchased from a shop, the foreman tries to get everyone to be quiet. When Juror 10 objects to Juror 8 pacing out the old man's steps, the foreman says, "We can't stop him." When Juror 3 calls for an open ballot vote, the foreman says, "That sounds fair. Anyone object?"
Jurors 7 and 11 get into a tiff over 7's insult toward immigrants, and once again the foreman chimes in to settle things down. He says, "All right. Let's stop the arguing. Who's got something constructive to say?"
From these examples, it's clear that the foreman is a level-headed man who takes his role seriously. He functions as a moderator, keeping order and making sure personal disputes don't derail the task at hand. He also seems willing to be out of the limelight and let others lead the discussion while he focuses on basic procedures like taking votes and requesting exhibits. Thus, we can infer that he is a somewhat humble or unassuming person as well. He is not one of the most interesting characters in the play, but he serves a useful function.

"All right. Now, you gentlemen can handle this any way you want to. I mean, I'm not going to make any rules. If we want to discuss it first and then vote, that’s one way. Or we can vote right now and see how we stand."

The foreman doesn't have much of interest to say in Twelve Angry Men. His main role is to facilitate the deliberation, to guide the direction of the discussion. As the play progresses, however, he's forced to become something of a peace-maker, regularly getting involved to prevent the other jurors from tearing each other's throats out.
The above quotation, made just prior to the jury's deliberations, show us the foreman's attitude to the job at hand. These simple remarks also reveal a lot about his character. He has a responsible, business-like attitude to proceedings, and he treats the other jurors as mature adults capable of making their own decisions without in any way trying to influence their verdicts. He certainly has authority, but it's a quiet authority, not based on the imposition of will, but rather emanating from his obvious intelligence and the respectful way he conducts himself towards others.

What were the causes of the Great Schism of 1054 CE?

The Great Schism is the divide between Christians in the East and West and split the Roman Empire in two. This divide was created due to differences in theology and beliefs on how the church should be run as well as political issues between the two factions.
Theological differences included disagreements over whether the Holy Spirit is derived from God the Father or from both God the Father and the Son of God, Jesus Christ. There was also much disagreement about the supremacy of the Pope. The western Christians believed that the Pope has supreme authority over the Church, as ordained by God. Other disagreements included whether bread used during communion should be leavened or unleavened.
Political issues were derived from the theological differences between the two orthodoxies and came to a head when the Greek/Byzantine churches in Italy were forced to either change their views or close their doors. In response, the Eastern Orthodox church gave the same ultimatum to the Roman Catholic churches, which led to the patriarch of each orthodoxy excommunicating the other.

Explain how the theme of loneliness is presented via Crooks, Candy, Lennie, and Curley’s Wife in Chapters 3 & 4.

In chapter three we are introduced to Candy and his dog. The men in the bunkhouse, specifically Carlson were going on and on about how the dog smelled and should be put down. Candy is seemingly non-confrontational and repeats that he had the dog far to long. As Carlson presses,

Candy looked about unhappily. "No," he said softly. "No, I couldn’t do that. I had ‘im too long.”

He was hoping someone would come to his dog’s rescue when

Candy looked helplessly at him, for Slim’s opinions were law. "Maybe it’d hurt him," he suggested. "I don’t mind takin’ care of him.”

This was the only constant in his life for so long because of how lonely he was. As an old man, this was all he had since when we first are introduced to the bunkhouse, we see how little these men have. When the men continue to press, “Candy said, ‘Maybe tomorra. Le’s wait till tomorra.’” as Carlson grabs his Luger pistol. What is really heartbreaking is that Candy didn’t go with, instead he “lay rigidly on his bed staring at the ceiling.” The men attempted to console him in the way men during that time attempted to and finally

A shot sounded in the distance. The men looked quickly at the old man. Every head turned toward him. For a moment he continued to stare at the ceiling. Then he rolled slowly over and faced the wall and lay silent.

All Candy could do was to roll over. He was now all alone in this world having lost his only constant-- that stinky, toothless dog.

Now Curley’s wife, she is a woman trapped in marriage to, well, to Curly. She expresses that she was chasing her dreams and ended up having to marry Curley, but she really wanted to be an actress. From the interactions we see of Curley and the crew, one can see that he is a cantankerous man. He is too busy asserting himself to the hands that he is not connecting emotionally to his wife and she is searching for attention from anyone that will give it. Because Whit tells George

“Ever’ time the guys is around she shows up. She’s lookin’ for Curley, or she thought she lef’ somethin’ layin’ around and she’s lookin’ for it. Seems like she can’t keep away from guys. An’ Curley’s pants is just crawlin’ with ants, but they ain’t nothing come of it yet”

as a way to warn him away from her. Curley thinks everyone is trying to sleep with his wife and she is trying to connect with someone, so the guys stay away from her actively which means she searches harder. It is a vicious circle for her as the men stay further away from her as Curley gets handier with the men. If he would just calm down and pay attention to his wife, she wouldn’t be sniffing around the men and angering him. Everyone would be happy.

Lennie and George’s dream is what keeps Lennie going. He doesn’t really notice his loneliness. He is happiest around the animals, probably because he has never been bothered by them. Between the mouse in his pocket, the dead puppy at the end and everything in between, Lennie seems to be attracted to the small, pretty things (Curley’s wife fits here pretty well, too) because the men in his life have been rough and hard on him. He knows that George is a constant for him, but he wants to get on that farm so he can have his rabbits. That is why he is always asking George,

“George, how long’s it gonna be till we get that little place an’ live on the fatta the lan’—an’ rabbits?”

He wants so badly for George to “‘Tell about the house’” because that his is dream--to be with George, his rabbits and relish the loneliness and solitude away from the mobs, the temptation to pet soft things, and to just live his life. He doesn’t recognize loneliness as other men do and wishes for the solitude as that brings him peace.

Crooks, on the other hand, was isolated and became violently protective of it:

For Crooks was a proud, aloof man. He kept his distance and demanded that other people keep theirs.

He was a black man on a migrant farm. There were men who hated him based on his skin color and found it is much easier to be cantankerous to stave away the attention and affection of others than it was to face rejection. When Lennie came into his room, Crooks reprimanded him by saying “You got no right to come in my room. This here’s my room. Nobody got any right in here but me.” Since he was a black man and was notably not allowed some places such as the bunk house, he said “I ain’t wanted in the bunk house, and you ain’t wanted in my room.” The thing is, Crooks is a black man from the south who was a slave and then freed. He had known freedom. He came from a stable home. He didn’t see a problem with color until he was older and it was used against him. He recounts to Lennie:

“I ain’t a southern Negro,” he said. “I was born right here in California. My old man had a chicken ranch, ‘bout ten acres. The white kids come to play at our place, an’ sometimes I went to play with them, and some of them was pretty nice. My ol’ man didn’t like that. I never knew till long later why he didn’t like that. But I know now.” He hesitated, and when he spoke again his voice was softer. “There wasn’t another colored family for miles around. And now there ain’t a colored man on this ranch an’ there’s jus’ one family in Soledad.” He laughed. “If I say something, why it’s just a nigger sayin’ it.”

He only shares this with Lennie after realizing he was slow. He figures he is a safe white man since he doesn't seem to have the faculties with which to even grow hate. Crooks has to hang onto his loneliness in order to avoid the rejection he has been subjected to because of racism, but Lennie can break through because they are both outcasts in this man’s world.

What is "old money"?

An important element of The Great Gatsby is the conflict between “old money” and “new money.” Gatsby, the self-made man, represents the nouveau riche, whereas the Buchanans represent the system of values perpetuated by generational wealth. Although both groups are in the same class, and equally wealthy, the differences between the groups have subtle social status issues.
People who are “new money” are seen by “old money” as gaudy, ostentatious, and overly extravagant. They are marked by excess and garishness. The wild parties that Jay Gatsby throws are indicative of this. On the other hand, “old money” folks think of themselves as elegant and refined.
The American Dream, an idea prevalent in all aspects of Fitzgerald’s novel, is based on “new money.” After all, it is conceptualized by the ability of the economically disadvantaged to move up.
The reality of this social mobility, however, is rather bleak. Gatsby, who gained his wealth through illegal means, is never fully accepted by people like the Buchanans. The separation and differences of West Egg (the new money area where Nick and Gatsby live) and East Egg (the location of the old aristocracy and gentry families) are symbolic of this divide.

What happens to the farm animals and vegetation? What causes this sudden change?

In chapter 1, Rachel Carson presents a dire prediction for the death of domesticated animals and crops, as well as song birds and vegetation, in the form of a fable. In chapter 2, she briefly presents this apocalyptic vision as the result of pesticide use. Her prose draws power from the combining harsh words and hyperbole with our familiar childhood language of fairy tales.
The changes that befall the idyllic rural community are caused by “a strange blight” and “some evil spell.” The silent countryside, under “a shadow of death,” is “deserted by all living things.” Inexplicable diseases strike the farm animals:

mysterious maladies swept the flocks of chickens; the cattle and sheep sickened and died. Everywhere was a shadow of death.... On the farms the hens brooded, but no chicks hatched. The farmers complained that they were unable to raise any pigs— the litters were small and the young survived only a few days. The apple trees were coming into bloom but no bees droned among the blossoms, so there was no pollination and there would be no fruit. The roadsides, once so attractive, were now lined with browned and withered vegetation as though swept by fire. These, too, were silent, deserted by all living things.

In chapter 2, she provides a scientific explanation but still inserts unscientific language: pollution initiates “a chain of evil” or “a chain of poisoning and death.” The chemical attack on living tissues causes universal contamination. Some is nuclear residue, as Strontium 90 enters the earth through rain or fallout, then “lodges in soil, enters into the grass or corn or wheat grown there….” But a more constant, widespread problem is the result of pesticide use, which reaches the soil directly or through the water, where it affects animals and humans alike:

[C]hemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death. Or they pass mysteriously by underground streams until they emerge and, through the alchemy of air and sunlight, combine into new forms that kill vegetation, sicken cattle, and work unknown harm on those who drink from once pure wells.

No matter what the target, they “linger on in the soil” and are so toxic they should be called “biocides.”

What was the impact of the Civil War on the environment?

The Civil War (1861–1865) is known as the bloodiest war in American history. It is also remembered for the Gettysburg Address and the end of slavery. It is less well-known for the enormous damage it inflicted on the environment.
Forests were cut down or burned by the fighting. Trees were cut down to impede an advancing enemy; limber was also needed for firewood or for use in military camps. Perhaps as many as two million trees were destroyed.
In 1864, General William T. Sherman's "March to the Sea" inflicted severe damage to Georgia's environment; everything in his army's path was either consumed or destroyed. Sherman thought his calamitous policies would help end the war, and he did not consider their impact on the environment.
Another destructive path was torn through the Shenandoah Valley in 1864. General Philip Sheridan proudly reported the damage to Grant after his campaign:

435,802 bushels of wheat, 77,176 bushels of corn, 20,397 tons of hay, 10,918 beef cattle, 12,000 sheep, and 15,000 hogs.

The monstrous damage suffered by the environment was largely due to the fact that the Civil War was a "total war"—especially by 1864. In addition, military and political factors always had more weight than environmental considerations.
http://fighting-the-earth.leadr.msu.edu/