The only personal experience most people have with the criminal justice process is contact with a: A. local police officer. B. courtroom. C. probation or parole officer. D. correctional institution.

You can find the answer to this question in chapter 6 of Robert Bohm and Keith Haley's Introduction to Criminal Justice. In this chapter, Bohm and Keith state that contact with a local police officer is the only experience that most people have with the criminal justice process. They also state that most people have never set foot in a courthouse or a jail.
In the same chapter, it is noted that administrators call the patrols carried out by local police officers "the backbone of the department." Patrols by local police officers are also described as the most time-consuming and resource-intensive task that officers undertake.
The duties of a local police officer on patrol include responding to burglar alarms, domestic disputes, and traffic accidents, as well as coming to the aid of people who have been hurt or injured. There are two types of patrol which local police officers might undertake. The first is known as random preventative patrol, and the second is known as directed, or guided, patrol. Directed patrol is determined by maps which indicate which areas of the community might need a patrol more than others.

There are two probable correct answers to this question, but any of them could be correct because the statement is vague in not defining who “most people” are. The two possible answers are A and B. In the United States, there are extreme demographic differences based on race, class, ethnicity, national origin, citizenship, and place of residence that affect contact with the criminal justice system. The majority of the US population is European-heritage, white, lower middle class, and urban. In many cities, police regularly patrol only poor and/or high-crime areas, so most people are likely to be put in infrequent contact with police officers. Adults are probably equally likely to enter courtrooms, even those who are not defendants or witnesses in a case. In the United States, jury duty is required of all citizens, but the time between required periods of service varies highly by jurisdiction and type of court, and some people may be excused from service.
https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/

In which colony were Native Americans treated best?

This is tough to say because there were good and bad relationships with the Native Americans in all colonies. However, I would argue that the best relationship was between Pennsylvania and the Native Americans in the early days of the colony. As with most colonies, it ended in skirmishes and wars with the natives. However, Pennsylvania had a strong relationship with the local natives before then.
William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania and a Quaker, built a colony on total religious pacifism. Pennsylvania was widely known as the most accepting land in the New World. This was no different with the Native Americans. The Iroquois were prevalent in northern Pennsylvania and there were mutual benefits between the two. Pennsylvania had treaties with the natives for fur trade in the north and access to lands near the Chesapeake with the Susquehanna. These tribes agreed to this in return for protection.
Pennsylvania found it very important to follow Native American cultural beliefs in negotiations, this added to the positive relationship. This entire process was called "The Long Peace" but, sadly, was erased as frontiersmen pushed into the Ohio Valley and started The Seven Years War.
https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/native-american-pennsylvania-relations-1681-1753/

https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/native-american-pennsylvania-relations-1754-89-2/

How does Montresor lure Fortunato to his death?

Montresor uses several techniques to lure Fortunato to his death. First, he baits him with the promise of tasting a pipe of amontillado, which is the finest form of sherry available. Since Forunato is a wine connoisseur, this is an enticing offer.
Montresor also raises Fortunato's competitive spirit by offering to let his rival Luchesi taste the amontillado in his stead. Fortunato rejects this idea and insists on going.
During their journey through the catacombs, Montresor tells Fortunato they should turn back. He watches Fortunato having a coughing fit from the nitre on the walls and says:

“Come...we will go back; your health is precious..."

This ploy only stiffens Fortunato's determination to get to the amontillado.
In addition, Montresor offers Fortunato, who has already had plenty to drink, more wine as they travel through the catacombs, which Fortunato accepts. This impacts his reasoning capability so that he is not aware of what is happening until it is too late.
The many methods Montresor uses to snare his prey show he has thought his crime out carefully and knows his victim well.

Many first-time readers might not understand the subtlety in Montresor’s method of luring Fortunato into his catacombs. They believe Fortunato is motivated by a desire (1) to drink some delicious Amontillado, (2) to demonstrate his connoisseurship, (3) to do Montresor a favor, and (4) to prove he knows more about wine than Luchesi. None of these beliefs is entirely correct. The whole story does not have to be read to understand how Montresor has baited his trap. The following contains all the information necessary to appreciate the thought Poe devoted to fashioning the story Montresor tells Fortunato. The nonexistent cask of Amontillado is the bait. The first minutes are crucial.

I said to him—“My dear Fortunato, you are luckily met. How remarkably well you are looking to-day. But I have received a pipe of what passes for Amontillado, and I have my doubts.”

“How?” said he. “Amontillado. A pipe? Impossible! And in the middle of the carnival!”

“I have my doubts,” I replied; “and I was silly enough to pay the full Amontillado price without consulting you in the matter. You were not to be found, and I was fearful of losing a bargain.”

“Amontillado!”

“I have my doubts.”

“Amontillado!”

“And I must satisfy them.”

“Amontillado!”

“As you are engaged, I am on my way to Luchesi. If any one has a critical turn it is he. He will tell me—”

Montresor says, “You are luckily met” because he wants Fortunato to think he has been seeking him on an important matter. Then Montresor says, “But I have received…” The words “But” and “received” deserve particular attention. “But” implies that Montresor would like to join Fortunato, but he is on an urgent errand. He does not say he has purchased a pipe of Amontillado, only that he has “received” one. This suggests he has previously ordered the cask that has just been delivered. He has to say “received” so that Fortunato will believe the wine is at Montresor’s home and nowhere else. The obvious assumption is that a ship from Barcelona has arrived with an entire cargo of Amontillado. There is no other way Montresor’s cask could have been transported to Venice.

Fortunato does not ask questions about the transaction for several reasons, including that he is drunk. The “But” gives Fortunato no time to ask questions of a man in a hurry. And he does not want to show too much interest in details for fear of revealing that he would like to get in on this bargain. He must volunteer to sample the wine before Montresor goes to Luchesi. If he accompanies Montresor to his palazzo, Fortunato can keep Luchesi from finding out about this bargain. What interests Fortunato is the possibility of making a huge profit, and not sipping a glass of sweet wine in a cold, dark, damp catacomb in order to please a friend and to show off his supposed connoisseurship. Fortunato would not have to go with Montresor at all if it were not for Luchesi, who would also be very interested in the bargain if he learned about it. Fortunato otherwise could tell Montresor he could not accompany him that night—after all, he is inadequately dressed, he has a bad cold, and he could invent a previous engagement—and then go directly to the harbor and find the Spanish ship. He doesn’t need to taste Montresor’s wine; he can sample it from several big casks on board.

Why does Montresor repeat, “I have my doubts”? The manifest meaning is that he needs an expert to advise him. But why so urgently? Because he got a bargain and wants to buy more before word gets out. That is why he is running around looking for Fortunato and then giving up on finding him and heading for Luchesi’s. He wants to buy more wine that night, but he has to be sure it is genuine. Otherwise it is no bargain. But Poe concocted another reason for “I have my doubts.” If Fortunato cannot accompany him that night, he is sure to inquire about it later. This is one reason Montresor says he “received” the pipe. He can say he bought it from a person who wishes to remain anonymous. He never claimed there was more available or that he wanted to buy more. And if Fortunato asks to taste that totally fictitious Amontillado, Montresor can present him with a bottle of ordinary sherry and say it was drawn from the big cask. Fortunato will taste it, shake his head, and hopefully forget the matter. Montresor will have to think of some other way of disposing of his enemy. He will never be able to lure him into his catacombs with a similar cock-and-bull story.

Finally Montresor says, “As you are engaged...” He wants to find out whether Fortunato is expected at home or anywhere else that night. He must leave a cold trail. He doesn’t want Fortunato missed before tomorrow morning at the earliest. Montresor fails to respond to the first gambit. But when Fortunato takes him by the arm and proceeds to drag him off to his wine cellar, Montresor says:
“My friend, no; I will not impose upon your good nature. I perceive you have an engagement. Luchesi—"

“I have no engagement,—come.”

Once Fortunato says, “I have no engagement,” his doom is sealed. Fortunato will be recognized by many drunken celebrants, especially with his conspicuous jester’s costume and jingling bells; but his companion, wearing a black cloak and a black mask, will be as nameless as a shadow.

The subtlety of Montresor’s entrapment scheme could be lost on first-time readers, who might make the assumption that Fortunato is motivated by a desire (1) to drink some delicious Amontillado, (2) to demonstrate his connoisseurship, (3) to do his friend a favor, and (4) to prove he knows more about wine than Luchesi. But a careful reader will see much more in the story, which can be read over and over with new insights.

What problem does Homais present in a subjective conception of modernity?

The real terror present in the novel might not be with Emma's dreams, Charles's languishing, or how people use one another as means to an end as opposed to an end in their own right. The real terror might exist in the empowerment of individuals who seek to slowly exert their control on the world around them. Homais' ascension is something that Flaubert deliberately notes. The real terror is that while the world in the novel is withering away, Homais consolidates more power. He offers nothing in way of solidarity with other human beings and does little to authentically change the world for the better. Instead, he offers "rational" solutions, is seen as a voice of "reason," and grows in power. While suffering seems to visit everyone else, Homais displays none of the sort. The last line of the novel is telling when Homais "has just received the cross of the Legion of Honour." The terror that exists in the world Flaubert constructed is not that there are Emmas in it. The real terror is that there are people who continue to gain power and control at an alarming rate while so many others are in pain. Homais embodies Flaubert's fear of a technocratic, industrialized, rationalized world. The terror of "the Crystal Palace" is evident in Flaubert's characterization of Homais, who ends up representing how the modern setting is one where people seek to gain power and consolidate it at the cost of others and for their own benefit.

Booker T. Washington and other black leaders disagreed about what would constitute racial progress. Why was it difficult for black constituencies to unite on one strategy?

There were two prevailing thoughts about how to best achieve racial equality. Booker T. Washington promoted the notion of accommodation, or the idea that African Americans should accept racial discrimination for a time and work towards building a robust middle class. Washington believed the path to racial equality began with wealth or material prosperity. Washington de-emphasized political rights and emphasized economic parity as the primary objective. He preached the need for self-reliance, hard work, and creating an African American middle class by way of vocational training. Vocational training included the ownership of farms, machine shops, and other craft-related occupations that were in demand. Washington believed that once white America observed the economic progress of African Americans, they would be more likely to accept racial parity.
The second notion countered Booker T. Washington's view that economic parity would ultimately lead to racial equality. This view was promoted by African American leaders like W. E. B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey. Their view was that accommodation would serve only to perpetuate racial inequality as the status quo, where the white power structure controlled the majority of wealth and the political structure had no incentive for changing society. Rejecting the notion of accommodation, Du Bois and other African American leaders called for a strategy of agitation and protest. Unlike Washington, Du Bois believed that African Americans needed to build a highly educated group of African Americans called the "Talented Tenth" to agitate and promote change through the legal system by targeting specific issues of inequality.
An ideological split occurred among African American leaders as to which approach would lead to change quickest. The objective of both camps was the same: racial and economic parity with whites. The conflict was in tactic: accommodation or agitation. Uniting the two tactically was made difficult by the generational differences of the leaders and by regional challenges between the racially segregated South and the more tolerant North. Segregation in the North was present, but in the large Northern cities, pockets of racially progressive leaders and ideas allowed for a more racially tolerant attitude toward civil and economic rights for African Americans.

In The Power, how did the skein originate?

In Naomi Alderman's speculative sci-fi novel, adolescent girls and women across the world develop the ability to conduct an electrostatic force through their hands. This power is generated through a striated muscle near the collarbone referred to as a 'skein.' Skeins are predominately found in biological females, although there are rare cases of males possessing skeins. For males, this is considered a genetic abnormality.
The development of skeins has been traced to a drug manufactured by the US and the UK during World War Two. A chemical referred to as Guardian Angel entered global water supplies, which was designed as an antidote to nerve gas. The novel does not specify how the drug changes neuromuscular function, only that it is largely a sex-limited ability.

Identify the failures of the European powers on the eve of the First World War. In your view, what consequence should these events have on future potential conflict? Make specific reference to the effect that The Guns of August had on President Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

World War I was an imperialist war whose ultimate cause lay in the competition among the European powers for colonial possessions. The creation of Germany as a unified nation state in 1871 had destabilized the European balance of power, resulting in the need for Britain and France to ally themselves with Russia against Germany and Austria-Hungary. In the meantime Germany allied itself with the deteriorating Ottoman Empire, which had previously been a quasi-client-state of Britain. Germany hoped to solidify a connection to Asia by building the Berlin to Baghdad railway. This was opposed by Russia, whose control over the Central Asian territories that were part of its empire was threatened by the German plans.
On top of all this, little attention was paid by the Powers to the smaller nationalities which had their own plans to create unified nation states. The immediate trigger for war was an act of terrorism by a Serbian national who assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. This in itself might not have led to war had there not already been a huge military buildup on all sides in anticipation of a major conflict. With the military primed and essentially over-prepared for war, diplomacy had no chance to defuse the situation.
In the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy and the Russians as well knew, of course, that unlike in 1914, war might now result in the end of civilization. Barbara Tuchman's The Guns of August provided Kennedy with a recounting of the rashness and folly of past leaders, who allowed the military command to blind them to the catastrophic possibilities to which war would lead. Kennedy saw that even a situation in which two hostile powers were primed against other could be defused through deal-making, to put it simply. A bilateral pullback of aimed missiles was the solution in October, 1962. It was unfortunate that forty-eight years earlier, in August, 1914, a similar solution was not found.