Tragic realism is a literary device that symbiotically blends the characteristics of a literary tragedy with those of a realist style, tone, or perspective.
A literary work is considered a tragedy when it chronicles the disastrous, unfortunate, or, indeed, tragic events and experiences in the main character's life. Often, tragedies are thematically centered on the roles and trials of humankind in the grand scheme of the universe. Tragedies are typically written in a very serious tone that conveys both implicitly and explicitly the sorrowful nature of those experiences.
Realism is characterized by a writer's decision to "tell it like it is," without exaggerated, elaborated, or decorated imagery and with a distinct lack of figurative language. Realism focuses on the actualities of human life without idealizing or romanticizing the experiences that make it up.
Considering these descriptions, Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment fits into the tragic realism category in that it very plainly and literally depicts the hardships in life—murder, poverty, isolation, compromised integrity, victimization, addiction, abuse, neglect, and so on—without sugar-coating, romanticizing, or embellishing those experiences. Dostoevsky creates as literal and true an image as possible for his readers.
https://literarydevices.net/realism/
https://www.britannica.com/art/tragedy-literature
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