The sociologist Erving Goffman’s book Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity, written in 1963, is an analysis of people within society who are considered abnormal based on their social identity. Goffman’s goal was to understand how these stigmatized persons feel in relation to so-called “normal” people. Goffman conducted extensive case studies and collective autobiographies to understand how people who are stigmatized by society feel.
Goffman theorized three types of stigma: stigma of character traits, physical stigma, and group identity stigma. Stigma of character traits refers to such things as experiencing mental illness or addiction. Physical stigma refers to things like body deformities, and group identity stigma refers to people who are ostracized because of things like religious practices or race and ethnicity.
Goffman’s work was very important in raising awareness about stigma and challenging the marginalization of people based on character traits, physical appearance, or group identity.
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