The Roman Empire officially declared Christianity to be the religion of the empire in 380 CE. The fifth century brought about the beginning of the Middle Ages and the beginning of Christianity's spread throughout Europe. As Christianity forced its way across Europe, tribes were forced, under threat of genocide, to submit to the will of Christian empire. Europe, as a group of nation-states with solidified borders, is absolutely a result of Christianization. This process resulted in the dissolution of pagan tribes and religions and the solidification of nation-states and large centralized hierarchies. As the power of the Catholic Church spread throughout what became known as Europe, Christianization became an immensely influential force in culture, art, societies, science, music, and literature. The persecution of traditional medicine women throughout Europe, which resulted in the murder of upwards of millions of women, directly resulted from the institutionalized power of the church as it spread and gained power throughout the Middle Ages. By 1230 AD, the Roman Catholic Church institutionalized formal inquisitions against "heresy" that resulted in the imprisonment, torture, and/or execution of hundreds of thousands of people.
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