Explain how haemoglobin is able to act as a buffer and to help in controlling the pH of the blood.

Oxygen generally combines quickly and reversibly with hemoglobin. However, environmental changes can change oxygen molecules’ affinity for hemoglobin. The “Bohr effect” is the lower affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen; this occurs because of decreases in blood pH along with increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Lower affinity then enhances the unloading of oxygen into tissues in order to meet the tissues’ demand for oxygen. The increase in hydrogen ion concentration, which stems from increased carbon dioxide (owing to increased metabolic activity), then leads to a decrease in pH. The combined effects are what cause the decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
The Bohr effect takes its name from an observation that Danish physiologist Christian Bohr made in 1904.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/zoology-and-veterinary-medicine/zoology-general/bohr-effect

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526028/

Why did Malala visit her familial village?

Malala Yousafzai, in her book, I am Malala writes about her experiences growing up, with a keen emphasis on the role played by gender in her society. In chapter 4 of the book, the village life is highlighted through the eyes of Malala, who was born in the city and was fairly liberal in her approach to life.
Malala says that she visited her familial village with her family twice a year, in celebration of the two feasts Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Azha. Malala tells of the gifts and the basic commodities such as foodstuff and medicine, which they brought from the city to the village. She also tells of the treacherous journey from the city into the village.
At the beginning of the chapter, it seems that Malala enjoys the visits to the village, especially to her mother's family where there were better amenities, including a concrete house and a bathroom. There were also more family members and more cousins to play with.
As Malala grows up into a teenager, she finds the village life boring since there is only one television and no internet. The requirement for women to cover-up does not augur well with her and she says she did not abide by it.
From reading the book, one sees that Malala visited the village to be with her extended family. The village also exposed her to the Pashtunwali, which allowed her to see the extent of oppression suffered by the Pashtun women, even before the arrival of the Taliban.
Malala's visits to the village opened her eyes to the social inequalities in the society, including the lack of social amenities and the gender-based oppression and violence. The visits also reveal the bad governance in the area, which is evidenced by the absentee political leaders.
Despite the beauty of the surrounding plains, valleys and mountains, it is during Malala's visits that the issue of environmental pollution is brought out where the state of the streams is described as marble white with discharge of chemicals.
Malala visited the village as a young girl to spend time with her extended family. In the course of doing this, she ended up identifying her areas for advocacy including the need to educate girls. Having been able to defy what was considered the norm in her village, she got the courage to ultimately stand up to the oppressive regime of the Taliban, which resulted in her being shot.
Therefore, it would be safe and indeed true to say that Malala visited the village to find herself and discover her purpose and to get the tools to achieve the purpose.

In the book, Malala tells us that she visited her familial village during the Eid holidays. In chapter 4, we learn that Malala and her family often traveled to Barkana for the holidays.
Barkana is where Malala's father grew up. It is a village located in Shangla. Malala relates that her family would wait for Eid announcements before taking the bus to Barkana. Essentially, Malala and her family visited Barkana at least twice a year: once during Eid ul-Fitr (which marks the end of Ramadan) and once during Eid ul-Azha (which commemorates the prophet Abraham's faithfulness to God).
The clerics watched for the appearance of the crescent moon before they announced the dates for the feasts. Immediately after the announcements, Malala and her family would dress in their finest clothes and make their way to the Mingora bus station. The family always brought gifts with them. These would include embroidered shawls, various delicacies, and medicines their loved ones could not get in the village.
In all, Malala tells us that she and her family looked forward to visiting their familial village during the Eid holidays.

Which of the following types of psychological difficulties has posed major problems to all societies, with historical evidence of its existence going back to ancient Mesopotamia?

The answer to your question is antisocial personality disorders.
Those who suffer from antisocial personality disorders tend to exhibit certain identifying traits such as aggressiveness, lack of remorse, and narcissistic grandiosity. They are often cruel to animals and physically weaker peers. Some who suffer from the disorder may also be impulsive and deceitful, and they display a callous disregard for the safety of others.
According to Hamid and Stein in their groundbreaking research text The Surpu: Exorcism of Antisocial Personality Disorder in Ancient Mesopotamia, Surpu incantations on cuneiform tablets described antisocial personality traits as far back as the time of Ashurbanipal (eighth century BC). The traits delineated in the Surpu (or Mesopotamian incantation series) match the descriptive traits that correspond to antisocial personality disorder in the DSM-5 today. The Surpu not only described antisocial personality traits, it also prescribed special rituals to purify those affected by aberrant tendencies.
Today, experts maintain that the purification rituals described in the Surpu were actually meant to be performed by exorcists. Many people in Mesopotamia believed that those who exhibited such antisocial traits were likely possessed by evil spirits. Hence, the need for exorcism. In eighth-century Mesopotamia, the purpose of the Surpu rituals was to restore the supplicant's relationship to his god.
Source:
Atonement and Purification: Priestly and Assyro-Babylonian Perspectives on Sin and its Consequences by Isabel Cranz

What are examples of parallelisms in Book 1 of The Odyssey?

Athena, when she comes to Telemachus in the guise of Mentes, draws a parallel between Telemachus, son of Odysseus, and Orestes, son of Agamemnon. She tells him:

You must behave no longer like a child, being the man you are. Have you not heard what fame royal Orestes gained with all mankind, because he slew the slayer, the wily Aegisthus, who had slain his famous father? You too, my friend—for certainly I find you fair and tall,—be strong, that men hereafter born may speak your praise.

While Agamemnon was away from home, fighting in the Trojan War, Aegisthus began an affair with Agamemnon's wife, Clytemnestra; when Agamemnon returned home, Aegisthus killed him. Then, when Orestes grew up, he avenged his father by killing both Aegisthus and Clytenmnestra. Now, Athena says that it is time for Telemachus to likewise step up to the plate, so to speak. He must search out his father and learn Odysseus's fate. Telemachus must learn whether Odysseus lives or dies, act appropriately, and then figure out how he is going to slay the suitors who pursue his mother, Penelope, and dishonor and exploit his father's house. Telemachus does what Athena tells him, and will continue therefore to be compared favorably to Orestes, even taking charge in his home. He tells his mother to "seek [her] chamber and attend to matters of [her] own" because "power within this house rests [in him]."

What are the characteristics of the universe during the big bang?

Just prior to the big bang, which is a scientific theory of the creation of the universe, scientists estimate that space was essentially an empty vacuum. The big bang theory asserts that the universe was created as an incredibly hot and incredibly dense single point in space that then has expanded over billions of years. In the very first second of the Big Bang, scientists estimate that the universe immediately began doubling in size of at least 90 times its initial size upon creation. During this initial burst of growth, known as inflation, the universe began to cool and become less dense. It was during this process that the universe began to form measurable matter. Light chemical elements were created as some of the initial matter to form. Protons and neutrons were colliding to create the isotopes that later formed hydrogen and helium.

What was the moral problem Elisha was facing?

Elisha has to deal with his moral qualms concerning the shooting of a British soldier that his Zionist group has taken hostage. A Holocaust survivor, and someone whose family was murdered by the Nazis, Elisha is keen to fight for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, which at that time was part of the British Empire.
But although he's absolutely committed to the cause of Zionism, Elisha finds himself struggling with his moral conscience when the order comes through to execute his hostage. Elisha is deeply troubled by the thought that he will become an executioner if he follows his orders, much like the Nazi executioners who murdered his family.
To make matters worse, Elisha feels somewhat insecure in his relatively minor position within the group; he always feels that the others are keeping him in the dark. In any case, Elisha has until dawn to wrestle with his conscience, a task made all the more difficult by the appearance of ghosts from his traumatic past.

Compare ancient Chinese philosophers.

Ancient Chinese philosophy is a rich and varied tapestry of ideas, and, as such, it will always prove challenging to comprehensively answer any question as broad as this one, particularly if there are concerns or prerequisites relating to brevity in the context of your assignment. The golden age of ancient Chinese philosophy is literally known as the Hundred Schools of Thought era.
Having said that, while comprehensiveness and entirety may be unattainable, there are certain ancient Chinese thinkers whom you absolutely must mention, no matter how briefly, in order to produce an answer that is at least credible.
Confucius is perhaps the most famous and well-known ancient Chinese philosopher and is unquestionably a titan of global philosophy in general. His principles relate on many occasions to timeless themes of the human experience, such as family, society, responsibility, traditionalism, morality, and so on. Notable Confucians include Mencius and Cheng Yi.
Taoist philosophers, broadly speaking (something of a risky move when speaking of Taoism), did not share Confucianism's preponderant prioritization of social norms or its overriding interest in more corporeal concerns. Taoism, or Daoism, displayed much more of a marked interest in metaphysical concerns related to the pursuit of oneness with the vicissitudes of existence, the serendipity that governs the universe. Important ancient Taoist philosophers include Laozi, Zhuang Zhao, and Lie Yukou.
We haven't even mentioned Mohism and have barely touched on a fraction of the great thinkers involved, but the above should hopefully give you a solid start.