Is the unnamed narrator from "Sonny’s Blues" a dynamic character?

In short, yes, he is dynamic—though perhaps in a more subtle way than other characters in the Baldwin canon. The essential fact is that, at the chronological start of the story, the narrator and Sonny are living in different mental worlds. When Sonny announces his intention to become a musician, his brother first asks if he wants to play classical music, when it's actually jazz Sonny is interested in. Even the type of jazz Sonny wants to play, with Charlie Parker as his model, eludes his brother. It's not that his brother is unsympathetic, as he tells Sonny he'll go out and buy Parker's records. But Sonny's interests and concerns are largely outside his frame of reference.
As the story progresses, this is no longer the case. When a reunion of the brothers finally takes place and the narrator understands Sonny's talent and devotion to his craft, something fundamental has changed. He has finally entered Sonny's world—admittedly as an outsider still, but in such a way that the quiet tone in which he ends the narrative suggests his regret that he and Sonny could not have bonded much earlier.

The definition of a dynamic character is one who changes during the course of the story. This can occur because of events that impact the character or because the character comes to a new understanding about something.
The narrator in “Sonny’s Blues” by James Baldwin is certainly a dynamic character in the story.
At the beginning, the narrator views his Sonny’s struggles with addiction as Sonny’s fault alone. Sonny and the narrator grew up in the same Harlem neighborhood and faced the same obstacles. The narrator perceived his success and his brother’s failure as the result of individual choices each of them made.
At the end of the story, however, the narrator realizes he was foolish to judge Sonny for all those years during which they had no contact. As he watches Sonny perform at the end of the story, the narrator understands just how difficult his brother’s life has been. Therefore, the narrator’s dynamic change comes in the form of an epiphany rather than a series of events.

In the middle of the novel The Poet X, why does Xiomara get a harsh punishment from her mother?

In The Poet X, Xiomara is punished by her mother in the middle of the novel after she arrives home late one evening after missing her stop on the train. Xiomara is romantically involved with Aman, which is the exact opposite of what her incredibly devout Catholic mother wants.
When Xiomara arrives home late after she was so caught up kissing Aman that she missed her train stop, her mother reacts furiously and grounds Xiomara. Xiomara is only allowed to go to school, church services, confirmation classes, or be at home. Her mother takes her cell phone away as well, further isolating Xiomara and straining her relationship with her strict mother. Xiomara eventually is able to leave the house again and regain her cell phone.

Who can defined as a "flat" character in A Visit from the Goon Squad?

A flat character, by definition, is two-dimensional and fails to change over the course of a text. This is typically tied to another characterization called "static." A static character is identified as one who does not change—thus, all flat characters are static. By contrast, a "round" character is complex and three-dimensional. A round character will undergo a change; this is also associated with what is known as a "dynamic" character (i.e., a character who undergoes a change).
One flat character from Jennifer Egan's A Visit from the Goon Squad is Lou Kline. Lou produces music and lives the ultra-extravagant lifestyle that is typically associated with this profession. He spends money without thought, does drugs, and has numerous superficial relationships with women. He refuses to change his lifestyle and dies alone.
Lou is a flat character because he is a static, readily-identifiable stereotype, and almost all readers can correctly assume what will come of him in the end. His demise—the result of his lifestyle and a refusal to change—is inevitable. In order to not be defined as a flat character, Lou would have needed to come to terms with who he is, identify his short-comings, and/or change his life.

In The Ransom of the Red Chief, who was Snake-Eye and what happen to him?

Sam is the narrator of the story and one of the con-men who kidnaps Ebenezeer Dorset's ten-year-old son, Johnny. Shortly after kidnapping the boy, Sam heads into town and leaves Bill to watch the boy who they plan on ransoming. When Sam arrives back at the camp, which is located in a cave on the outskirts of town, Bill is nursing his wounds and explains that they are playing Indian. Johnny, who calls himself Red Chief, gives Bill the name Old Hank and Sam the name Snake-Eye, the Spy. Red Chief then announces that Snake-Eye will be boiled at the stake in the morning. Johnny proceeds to call Sam Snake-Eye and Bill Old Hank the entire time they are waiting for his father to pay the ransom. Ironically, Snake-Eye and Old Hank end up paying Ebenezeer money to take back his son, who has been terrorizing them since the day he was kidnapped.

Given the current situation—recession—the central bank will employ an open market operation in order to stimulate the economy. Show on a diagram and explain what will happen in the money market as a result of the central bank’s intervention.

A recession in the economy indicates increased savings, low spending, and low output. In order to counter these conditions, the Federal Reserve may attempt open market operations to increase money supply. This is generally accomplished through lowering the prime rate (the rate at which banks can borrow money), selling off government bonds, or both.
As can be seen on the diagram, a move in interest rate from 6% to 5% moves the demand for money along the liquidity demand curve (Ld). This causes a new equilibrium in the money supply at M1, as players get rid of excess savings through spending.
By purchasing bonds, the Federal Reserve is able to more directly increase the money supply. This type of purchase causes a shift in the supply of money from M0 to M1. This increase in supply of money results in excess savings, again pushing interest rates down. Lower rates are associated with increased spending, thus having a counter-recessionary effect.
http://faculty.washington.edu/ezivot/econ301/301l7_5.htm

In the story Flowers for Algernon, in what ways are Charlie and Algernon similar and different?

Charlie is a thirty-two-year-old intellectually disabled adult with an IQ of sixty-eight who works at Donner's Bakery and attends Beekman College Center for Retarded Adults before undergoing experimental neurosurgery to significantly increase his intelligence. Algernon is the mouse that undergoes the same surgery and becomes extremely intelligent. Both Charlie Gordon and Algernon experience a significant increase in their intelligence following the surgery and impress Professor Nemur and the scientific community. After the surgery, they are both able to complete tasks that were previously considered much too difficult for them to accomplish. Both Charlie and Algernon are viewed as simple test subjects by Professor Nemur and contribute to the scientist's experimental research. Algernon's erratic behavior and health mimic and foreshadow Charlie's dramatic decline. They also suffer as a result of the surgery, and Algernon ends up dying before Charlie regresses back to his former intellectually disabled state.
Being that Charlie is a human and the protagonist of the story, his emotions, feelings, and actions take center stage and are significantly more complex than Algernon's. Despite Charlie's increased intelligence, he suffers severe emotional trauma as he reflects on his difficult childhood and adolescence. Charlie also develops feelings for Alice Kinnian and Fay and has brief relationships with both women. Charlie also gets into a heated argument with Doctor Nemur, and his increased intelligence significantly impacts his personality. Before Charlie experiences a sharp mental decline, he works feverishly to contribute to Nemur's body of work regarding neurosurgery to increase human intelligence.

At the beginning of Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes, Charlie Gordon is a 32-year-old man with a very low IQ. He has a simple menial job and attends Beekman College Center for Retarded Adults to try to learn how to read and write. Algernon is a mouse.
These characters are similar in that they become subjects in scientific experiments that are designed to increase their intelligence. In both cases, these experiments are successful. Charlie and Algernon become much more intelligent than they used to be. Ultimately, the experiments end in failure because Charlie and Algernon both lose the intelligence that they gained through the surgery and revert to the way that they were before.
The difference between Charlie and Algernon lies in Charlie's human understanding of the situation. Although Algernon becomes very intelligent and can quickly run mazes and perform other tricks, because he is only a mouse, it's certain that he never understands what has happened to him and why. When Algernon regresses, he dies. Charlie, on the other hand, becomes even more intelligent than the scientists who conducted the experiment and figures out that the experiment is defective and that he will not be able to retain his intelligence. He undergoes the added suffering of being aware that his mental state is deteriorating. In the end, Charlie does not die, but he retains the memory of having once been smart, and this makes him unable to continue living around the people who once knew him as a genius.

What message did the father send with the bird to the stranded sailor?

After filling up his bag with pearls, Fritz Robinson discovers a message written on a rag attached to an albatross' leg. The message purports to be from a stranded Englishwoman claiming to be stuck on a "smoking rock" or volcano. As there are no volcanoes around, Fritz figures that the message must have come from a long way away. Though tracking down the stranded lady will be like looking for a needle in a haystack, Fritz sets out to find her anyway, filling up his kayak with plenty of provisions for the long, arduous journey ahead. Before returning home, Fritz had the presence of mind to write his own message on the rag which he reattached to the albatross' leg. In the message, he told the lady not to despair and that help was on its way.