Where has the speaker in "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" stopped and why?

In "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening," the speaker is riding his horse toward some unnamed destination and is still "miles" away when he decides to stop a moment.
There is no sign of civilization in this spot, no sign of a "farmhouse," and perhaps that solitude is just what the speaker longs for. He is situated between snow-filled woods and a frozen lake on "the darkest evening of the year." As he pauses, he takes special note of the peaceful silence: the only sound he can hear is an "easy wind" and a light snowfall.
The speaker is vaguely aware that he might know the owner of the property, but his house is in the "village," supporting the thought that he knows he will not be disturbed in his peaceful reflections of nature.
Because the speaker still has miles left in his journey in order to fulfill some unnamed "promises," this brief yet peaceful interaction with nature gives him a respite from the obligations of life.

What was Casey’s character trait?

Casey in this poem seems to be very confident and almost arrogant about his skill at baseball. When he steps up to the plate, the author comments on the fact that there was "ease in Casey's manner" and "pride in Casey's bearing" and "a smile on Casey's face." Even though the stakes are high and "ten thousand eyes were on him," he shows no fear. When the first pitch is thrown to him, Casey watches in "haughty grandeur." When a person is described as haughty, it means that they feel a sense of superiority, and Casey certainly shows this as he allows two possible pitches to pass him by. By not even trying to hit these pitches, Casey shows his extreme belief that he can land the perfect hit on the last pitch. In addition, Casey's arrogance is shown in his playing to the crowd. He tips his hat and raises his hand to calm the crowd when they get angry. He feels as if the situation is totally under his control. In the end, Casey fails, and his failure shows the theme that arrogance can cause negative consequences.

After reading “The Happiest Laboring Class in the World,” what are the advantages and the disadvantages that the two Virginia slaveholders give for having overseers? What are the best ways to treat slaves? What is the true nature of a slave? Lastly, why is it best to have and keep the institution of slavery? Explain the similarities and differences between the Democrats and Whigs.

These are two unrelated questions, so this response will only address the first one. The question refers to an exchange between two Virginia slaveowners in The Farmer's Register, a magazine for planters and farmers, in 1837. The magazine was an example of farming "improvement," a movement by planters to try to use better, modern methods in agriculture. But the two pieces are primarily notable as examples of the "positive good" defense of slavery that was emerging in the South as a response to the abolitionist critique that really began to gain momentum in the 1830s.
The main point of debate, as the question suggests, is about overseers. The first letter to the editor claims that overseers are not necessary for planters who provide incentives for their enslaved workers. It is full of racist assumptions about African American men and women, claiming they are naturally submissive, and as long as they are well-treated, they will not be rebellious:

His [the master's] authority should be exercised in a firm, but mild manner.I never saw any degree of courtesy shown to a negro, (that was kept under good subjection,) but was returned with usury [with interest].

The second letter claims that overseers are necessary, especially on larger plantations. He claims that overseers—as long as they are sober, honest, and held to a contract—are essential to maintaining a disciplined enslaved labor force. Still, he agrees with the other writer that enslaved people are happy ("the happiest laboring class" on earth, in fact) as long as they are well-fed and live in clean conditions. Both men assume that slaves are not fit to be free men and, therefore, that slavery is the ideal state for African American men and women.

Who is waiting for the train approaching from the west? What does each of those people do when the trains arrive?

As we might expect, the stationmaster is waiting for the train from the west. As soon as he sees the train coming down the track, he emerges from his little brick station, feeling the creases in his serge uniform. His barefoot children also make their way to the track, followed by chickens and dogs. But most of all, the imminent arrival of the train stirs the excitement of the squatting vendors who sit in the dust, eagerly anticipating the opportunity to hawk their wares to the train passengers.
One of these vendors tries to sell a beautiful carved lion to a lady on board the train. She'd really like to have it, but unfortunately thinks it's a bit too expensive. Just as the train's about to leave the station, however, the young woman's husband enters the compartment, laughing merrily as he proudly brandishes the lion she wanted. But the lady's not happy when she finds out that her new husband paid the vendor a lot less than he originally wanted. Though the couple are newly-married, it's clear that a discordant note has been sounded in their marital relationship, the inevitable consequence of two mutually-incompatible value systems.

How are Winston and Julie betrayed? Explain the various ironies involved in this scene.

Winston and Julia are betrayed by Mr. Charrington, the apparently kindly old man who operates a shop. They had rented a room from him in the part of town where the proles live. They believe that they will be safe from the prying eyes of Big Brother there, and indeed they meet many times in the room. One day, as they awakened in the room, they are shocked as they hear a voice from another room, indicating that they are under arrest. It turns out that there is a telescreen behind a picture on the wall, and that Mr. Charrington is actually much younger than he appeared. One of the great ironies of this passage in the book is that Winston, having thought so much about the Thought Police, realizes only when he sees Mr. Charrington out of disguise that he is knowingly looking at a member of this dreaded secret group. Another irony is that Winston has come to believe that the only hope for the future of freedom lies with the proles. Yet with his betrayal and arrest it becomes clear that even they can't be trusted. Their sanctuary, the one place they believed they were safe and beyond the gaze of the Party, was actually under surveillance the entire time.

Compare and contrast Bruno and Shmuel in The Boy in the Striped Pajamas.

Bruno and Shmuel are both similar in age. In fact, they share a birthday. Despite being on completely different sides of the fence, the two boys get along quite nicely because they both share a natural ability to be empathetic. Shmuel is especially a good listener, and that is one of the main reasons Bruno enjoys the friendship so much. The other similarity is that both characters crave companionship with somebody their own age. What is important to note is that the two characters are friends with each other, but they are foils to each other too. This means that the two characters are opposite in many ways for the purpose of highlighting traits that the other character has. For example, Bruno has lived an incredibly blessed life. His father is well respected, rich, and powerful. Bruno has never really had a need that hasn't been or couldn't be met. On the other hand, Shmuel's life is one hardship after another. His home has been taken away, he has lost family members, and he's living at Auschwitz concentration camp. On top of all of that, Shmuel is quite aware of what is going on. That contrasts sharply with Bruno who seems to be completely naive about everything.

A liveliness of nature can be transformed into lifelessness and dullness with the touch of man. Discuss this assertion with the examples from the poem "The Earthen Goblet."

The poem is a dialogue between a clay goblet and the potter who created him. The goblet makes it clear that he was much happier before he was dug up from the ground and unceremoniously flung onto the potter's wheel. Life was so much better when he was just a humble piece of clay, for then he enjoyed the friendship of a fragrant little flower whose roots were buried deep inside him.
But that's all gone now. As the goblet ruefully reflects, the potter has drawn the living breath right out of him. He may have been somewhat unshapely back in the day, but at least when he was just a piece of clay he had the companionship of a little flower, which is more than he has now.
The goblet stands as a metaphor for how humankind so often takes what is naturally beautiful and destroys it to create objects of artificial beauty.