How did the South try to reinstate the social hierarchical status quo after the Civil War?

It's important to keep in mind, when answering this question, that Reconstruction proceeded in multiple stages, and the situation evolved as the conditions did. Nevertheless, across the entire time period in question, the South remained reactionary and continually resisted Reconstruction efforts to reform Southern society.
When looking at Reconstruction, it is important to differentiate between the years before and after 1867, when the Radical Republicans gained a majority in Congress and was then able to pass the First Reconstruction Act. This was the time period that saw passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery. However, Radical Republicans were ultimately disappointed in the overall tenor of Reconstruction in this period.
During this time period, the Southern States elected to Congress former Confederate politicians and leaders: this alone is a sharp signal that the South would try as much as possible to create a post-war settlement that restored the pre-Civil War status quo. In addition, Southern States passed the Black Codes to restrict the rights and opportunities of newly-freed slaves. Finally, you should be aware of the Freedmen's Bureau, which was created to provide education and support for former slaves and impoverished whites. However, the freedmen, alongside workers associated with the bureau, often faced harassment and poor treatment at the hands of the local wealthier white population.
As the Radical Republicans took over, the situation changed. Southern State Constitutions were suspended, and the South was split up into military zones under martial law. During this period of time, the Fourteenth Amendment (expanding citizenship) and the Fifteenth Amendment (granting voting rights) were passed. Here many Southern whites turned to violence and intimidation via groups like the Ku Klux Klan, while others turned towards more passive forms of resistance.
Ultimately, Northerners lost the will to continue Reconstruction, and it was officially closed in 1877. In the aftermath of this moment, Southern States passed Jim Crow laws, instituting systemic segregation between black and white people. Literacy tests and poll taxes were set up to prevent black people from exercising their voting rights.
Finally, I would suggest you look into the history of sharecropping and the ways in which black farmers ultimately remained under the domination of white landlords.

What orders were given to the Light Brigade?

"The Charge of the Light Brigade" is set in the Crimean War and is a testament to the heroic bravery of a group of men who fought in this particular battle.
These six hundred men found themselves "in the valley of Death" when they were given orders to go forward and "Charge for the guns!" These soldiers, surrounded by cannons to the right, left, and front, obeyed orders to break through cannon fire and recapture the guns which enemy forces had taken. They rode boldly "into the jaws of Death," obedient to the orders given to them. Unfortunately, they suffered heavy causalities, and the mission was a disaster, as only a fraction of the original six hundred were able to return "back from the mouth of hell."
The poem shows the heroic and valiant efforts of men who remain true to their cause and to their leaders in the face of impossible odds.

In your opinion, what should A do when it comes to Nathan? Explain why you think this is A’s best option for handling the situation.

This is definitely an interesting question! It will be hard for us to say what A should do, since we are not A. A's choices are often based on life experiences. While the novel gives us a glimpse, we don't have the experiences that A has. We don't know what's it's like to be in that situation of always switching bodies.
First of all, we can say A never should have gotten into that situation. Even if A wanted to go to the party, A should have made sure to set an alarm to ensure Nathan was home in bed before midnight. A should have double checked to log out of the email and clear browsing history.
I think my first instinct would be to ignore the emails from Nathan. I would try to pretend no one checks that email address, or maybe even respond pretending to be someone else: "Sorry man, I don't know what you're talking about!" However, that wouldn't really solve any problems, since Nathan would still go to the police and media, telling his story and asking others to come forward.
Let's explore what options A has and think about potential consequences. A could respond right away and try to explain before Nathan tells his story, but perhaps Nathan would show that email to others—though no one believes Nathan, so maybe it wouldn't matter if he showed A's emails. People might think Nathan faked them.
A could fabricate a story, such as telling Nathan that he was possessed by an angel doing the Lord's work and that Nathan should just accept being part of God's plan. Perhaps Nathan would believe this, since Nathan seems religious to a certain extent; he turns to a pastor for help and calls A the Devil. However, just as Nathan says "prove it" when A claims to not be the devil, Nathan may require proof of A being an angel. Nathan might also believe it, but then still request that A come meet Reverend Poole.
My first instinct is to say that A should not meet Poole, given the danger that puts A in. However, it was also important for A to have this meeting and realize there are others out there.
In the end, I think A's choice to try to ignore the messages, then dispute them, and then meet with Nathan end up working out. Even if they seem like mistakes, I think they are important in forming A's character.

What is the publication information?

The episode in which Gary encounters the Devil is set on a farm outside Motton, Maine in 1914. The story itself was first published in the 31 October 1994 issue of The New Yorker magazine.

What is the setting of People of the City?

The city referenced in the novel’s title is identified as Lagos, currently the capital of Nigeria, West Africa, but initially the author claims the city shall be “nameless.” However, the novel was published in 1954, and the action takes place around that time; Nigeria became an independent country in 1960, and had been a British colony since the early twentieth century. The People of the City who are the characters move throughout the urban setting. The protagonist, Amusa Sango, is a journalist who covers crime for a newspaper; this profession takes him to many neighborhoods and brings him into contact with a wide variety of people. Sango’s avocation is musician, however; the dance clubs where he plays figure prominently. After his marriage to Beatrice the Second, the couple moves to Accra, the capital of the Gold Coast colony, now the country of Ghana.

What does Jim do to get Della's gift?

Jim and Della are an extremely poor couple, who both struggle to get their significant other the perfect Christmas present with the limited funds they have. Jim is infatuated with Della's beautiful, long hair and decides to sell his prized possession and family heirloom to purchase a magnificent set of bejeweled combs for his wife. Jim's only valuable item is his gold watch, which originally belonged to his grandfather. Ironically, Della sold her beautiful locks in order to buy Jim an expensive golden chain for his valuable watch. Whenever Jim comes home, he is astonished to discover that Della has cut her hair. After Della opens Jim's gift, she shows him the watch chain she purchased with the money from her hair and Jim simply smiles as he sits down on the couch. Although both presents were virtually useless, Della and Jim are considered wise for selflessly giving gifts of love, which make them similar to the magi.

In order to purchase Della's gift (the beautiful, jeweled pair of tortoiseshell combs for her hair), Jim sells his most prized possession: the gold watch that once belonged to his father and grandfather. In an incredible irony, Della actually sells her long, brown tresses in order to purchase a gold chain worthy of Jim's watch, a chain so nice that it would no longer embarrass Jim to take out the watch in company. Della's gorgeous hair and Jim's golden watch were the two most cherished possessions the Dillinghams had, and yet each partner was willing to part with the item they love most for the person they love most. In the end, this is what makes them "wisest," wiser even than the wise men: they are willing to sacrifice an object for which they care deeply for the person whose love means more than any object.

Is work done by a force or an individual?

Scientifically speaking, work is done by a force. The equation for work is force x distance. This means that a force must be applied, and the object receiving that force must move a distance. This concept always frustrates students to learn about because I have them hold their textbooks out at arm's length and hold the book there until the muscle fatigues and can no longer hold the book up. I then explain that despite how tired their arm is, the arm did no work keeping the book in that position. Work was done to get the book into that position; however, once in position, no work was being done because the force applied didn't cause a distance to be covered.
To go back to the original question, if work was done, then a force was applied; however, not all forces result in work being done. As for what applies the force, that could be an individual, but it doesn't have to be. Gravity, for example, is a force that isn't dependent on any individual, and it is capable of doing work.

Yes. I am assuming your question here is in reference to the labor force and the idea of work being production and work in the business sense. In that regard, it is both. Work is performed by individuals, single operators who control small areas of input in the process of production or labor overall. But, in a larger sense, the entire workforce is operating as a unit to perform work. So, in that regard, work is done by both individuals and a force.
If you are speaking about the physics idea of work, which is possible, it still hold true. Work is the result of a force acting over a distance, but work can be performed by an individual (an individual can create the force). Different topics, but same overall idea—both forces and individuals create work.