What did Wes's friend Shea do for work in The Other Wes Moore?

Shea worked as a runner in a drug enterprise.
After Wes finishes a game of basketball, he runs into Shea. The boys are about the same age. Shea says that he just finished working, and Wes can tell from his outfit—"black jeans, a white tank top, and a black backpack"—what kind of work Shea does.
He says Shea is a runner. It's an entry-level job working with drug dealers. Local suppliers package the drugs they get from the larger organizations, but they need to get those packages to the local dealers without arousing suspicion. They hire kids who look like they wouldn't be working for drug dealers so that police officers are less likely to stop them on the streets.
According to Wes, Shea was making decent money. However, they were seeing less of him around because he had so much less time.

In 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, what was Monsieur Pierre Aronnax's opinion about the mysterious creature in the sea, and what name did he give to it?

The greatest depths of the ocean are totally unknown to us. What happens there? What beings can live twelve or fifteen miles below the surface of the sea ? We can scarcely conjecture . . . (spoken by Professor Pierre Aronnax) (part 1, chapter 2, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea)

Professor Pierre Aronnax, a former medical doctor and now Professor of Marine Biology at the Paris Museum of Natural History, is the narrator of Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea. Professor Aronnax heads the expeditionary team aboard the American frigate Abraham Lincoln, which has been tasked with tracking down the mysterious sea creature (which some call a sea monster) that has been attacking and sinking ships all over the world.
Professor Aronnax formulates a hypothesis as to what this sea creature might be:

"Therefore," I wrote, "after examining these different hypotheses one by one, we are forced, every other supposition having been refuted, to accept the existence of an extremely powerful marine animal" (part 1, chapter 2)

Professor Aronnax concluded that the sea creature was either previously undiscovered and therefore completely unknown, or it was some kind of "colossal sea unicorn" or "giant narhwal"—a member of the whale family, with a " king–sized tooth as hard as steel" that projects forward from its upper jaw, giving it the appearance of a sea-going unicorn (part 1, chapter 2).
Later in the sea voyage, Professor Aronnax remarks,

"Hmm!" I said to myself. "A cetacean as powerful as a whole cavalry regiment—now that's a whale of a whale!" (part 1, chapter 6).

Throughout his narrative, Professor Aronnax consistently refers to Nautilus as "the monster."

How did the presidential administrations from Hayes to McKinley affect the industrialization movement in the us? What were the political, economic, and social ramifications of these influences?

During the latter years of the nineteenth century, the United States experienced unprecedented industrial growth, resulting in an economy that was characterized by big business and ruled by monopolies. Technological invention and mechanization transformed farming and industry, and the transformation caused increasing tension between the corporate bigwigs and the laborers. Riots broke out in industrialized cities, and labor unions emerged to protect the interests of the workers. The US presidents during this period were divided in their beliefs about industrialization, and their policies reflected this ideological rift.
Rutherford B. Hayes took the oath of office in 1877 when the labor movement was just getting off the ground. Hayes was a republican and a supporter of big business, and during his term of office, large corporations became extremely powerful. Legislation supported these corporations and disregarded the conditions of the workers. James Garfield succeeded Hayes as president, and William McKinley, Chester Arthur, and Benjamin Harrison followed Garfield. While Garfield was assassinated just months after he was elected, McKinley and the others led the country during this time of transition, and while they promoted the growth of industry, they were faced with the challenge of balancing the interests of the wealthy industrialists with those of the organized laborers. The website below contains an overview of industrial progress during their presidencies and the contributions of these men to the growth of the American economy.
https://americanhistory.si.edu/presidency/timeline/pres_era/3_657.html

What rhetorical devices does Longfellow use in "A Psalm of Life"?

Rhetorical devices are persuasive devices.
In this poem, the speaker is trying to persuade us to lead active lives. He advises us not to think of life as a dream or to set our eyes on heaven and the afterlife. We should throw our energies into the here and now.
One way the speaker is persuasive is by using frequent exclamation points to emphasize his passion for living an active life. Through his emotional writing, he shows us he cares deeply about making an impact on this world. For example, he writes:

Life is real! Life is earnest!

He is not simply saying that—he is throwing all his intensity behind those ideas, almost shouting them.
The speaker also uses imagery to convince us of what he says. Imagery is describing using the five senses: sight, sound, touch, taste, and hearing. For example, he writes:

Be not like dumb, driven cattle!
Be a hero in the strife!

We can imagine being a head of cattle, slowly plodding along without purpose, or we can see ourselves as a hero gallantly fighting in the midst of battle. In putting these two images side by side, Longfellow creates an antithesis, which is the juxtaposition of two opposite ideas. Most of us would decide we want to be heroic warriors and take on life rather than be like cattle.

Longfellow also uses metaphor, which is comparison not using the words like or as, for example, when he writes that what we should leave behind us:
Footprints on the sands of time
He is comparing our achievements in life to footprints in the sand: most of us would want to leave behind some imprint of what we did in life after we die, so this metaphor might inspire us to action.

What is Eveline's situation at work ?

As well as toiling away at home, performing a never-ending series of chores, Eveline has a regular job. She works as a shopgirl at the Stores. We don't find out an awful lot about Eveline's employment, but what little we do know would appear to suggest that she's not very happy there. Her supervisor is a woman by the name of Miss Gavan, who always seems to be bossing Eveline around, reminding her that there are ladies in the store waiting to be served and telling her to look lively.
Eveline thinks that when her work colleagues find out she's about to run off to Buenos Aires, they'll probably think she's a fool. In any case, she won't be missed, and her place will easily be filled by placing an advert in the local newspaper.

Why is Dr. Watson angry with Thaddeus Sholto in The Sign of Four?

The answer to this question lies in chapter 4.
In that chapter, Miss Morstan, Holmes, and Dr. Watson meet Thaddeus Sholto. Thaddeus is about thirty years old and is the son of Major Sholto.
We learn that during the course of the visit, Thaddeus crudely reveals that Miss Morstan's father died from a heart attack. Thaddeus Sholto's unfeeling behavior angers Dr. Watson.
In fact, Dr. Watson is so angry with Thaddeus that he admits being tempted to strike the man across the face.
As the chapter continues, we learn that Thaddeus and his twin brother, Bartholomew, are the twin sons of the deceased Major Sholto.
Before Major Sholto's death, he revealed to his sons that he and Captain Morstan were in possession of the stunning Agra treasure. When the latter came to claim his portion, however, he ended up in an argument with Major Sholto.
Captain Morstan's anger proved fatal: he suffered a heart attack and died.
At the end of the chapter, we learn that it was Bartholomew who found the treasure's hiding place in Major Sholto's former home. Apparently, the Agra treasure, consisting of jewels, is valued at not less than half a million sterling.

What is a summary of The Best American Essays 2017?

This essay collection groups together the best selected essays from the previous year, compiled by a single editor—in this case, Leslie Jamison. In light of the 2016 Presidential election, which uncovered a lot of vitriol and unpleasantness on both sides of the aisle, this collection of essays has a decidedly political outlook. Particularly with regards to violence, racism, and sexism, this anthology collection gathers together essays that explore people's experiences with pain and despair.
From essays like "White Horse" which explores a rape that was brushed aside by the courts, to stories from the military about death and coping such as "If I Only Had a Leg" and "Two Shallow Graves", and even stories about racism and police brutality like "Sparrow Needy" and "The City that Bleeds". This collection explores some very serious topics and deals with the darker aspects of human nature on a national scale.

Each year, since 1986, a collection of the best English essays is compiled into an anthology titled, appropriately "The Best American Essays" of that year. The 2017 edition in question was edited by Leslie Jamison, who chose the essays based on a political bent in light of the recent 2016 election. The election in question brought to light a great deal of sexism and racism that has plagued the nation, and created a clear divide down party lines.
All of the works in the anthology have a political message, even though they don't directly address politics. Some of the included essays are about rape, the murder of black Americans, and life in the military during this time period. Death and disturbing events riddle the essays as they relate the horrors of a marginalized life.

In this volume, Leslie Jamison, the editor, has chosen what she considers to be the best essays of the year. The Foreword states that these essays "show an awareness of craft and forcefulness of thought" (xiv). The Foreword also clarifies that the chosen essays have to show quality as a piece of literature and must be able to stand on their own, rather than being an excerpt from a longer piece or book. They were originally published in English (or translated by the author) and must be on a subject of general interest, not a specialized subject.
In the Introduction, Jamison writes about the election of 2016 and how it made her feel "sick to [her] stomach" (xvii). She also writes that "the essay is political" (xx) even when the author is not addressing political subjects directly, as the essay questions received wisdom. The book contains 20 essays arranged alphabetically by the authors' last names, including "Sparrow Needy" by Kenneth A. McClane about his brother's death from drinking and about being black in America, and "White Horse" by Eliese Goldbach about being raped and told that she had not been raped by a disciplinary committee.

Since 1986, the annual The Best American Essays has compiled the most noteworthy magazine articles published in the United States in the preceding year. The 2017 edition of the anthology was edited by American novelist Leslie Jamison (best known for her book The Gin Closet).
In this volume, Jamison has chosen to focus on personal narrative nonfiction. For instance, Kenneth McClane's "Sparrow Needy" (originally published in the Kenyon Review) reminisces on the author's brother's descent into alcoholism in the 1950s, beginning with his witness to a murder at the age of eight. In "Two Shallow Graves" (originally published in the Florida Review), former US Marine Jason Arment recounts the horrors he witnessed while deployed in Iraq as part of Operation Enduring Freedom, contrasting these against a kind of grim comedy that simultaneously existed. Other essays in the anthology, similarly, take the form of personal narrative.