Guns, germs, steel, and animal power were vital in the European conquest of the New World. While Native American bows fired faster and were more reliable, European cannons destroyed Native villages. However, germs were probably the most important element that aided the European conquest, as it is estimated that the Native Americas lost ninety percent of their population to European diseases. Native Americans did not have any contact with smallpox, diphtheria, or typhoid before the Europeans arrived; these diseases ravaged entire tribes and allowed a small group of European conquerors to subjugate entire civilizations.
Moreover, while the obsidian that the Native Americans used was sharper than European steel, the steel was stronger for armor as well as for weapons. European steel cut through native armor easily, thus giving the conquerors advantages in battle. Finally, the horse also allowed Europeans greater mobility in terms of armed conflict and when it came to expanding their areas of conquest. Horses also raised the conquerors (physically) above the natives in battle, thus giving the Europeans an advantage. European livestock such as pigs also destroyed native crops. Once these pigs escaped, they had no natural predators, so they reproduced in the wild. Wild hog populations are still a menace in many parts of the United States.
Guns, germs, steel, and animal power were vital in subjugating the Aztec Empire. The conquistadors used their guns and steel in direct warfare with the Aztecs while germs ultimately caused the destruction of this mighty empire. The natives did not know what to make of the horses; it was almost as if the Aztecs were faced with invaders from another planet. Thus, it was through the combination of tougher weapons, the introduction of population-culling diseases, and the use of domesticated animals that gave a handful of conquistadors advantages over the mighty empire that had dominated central Mexico for centuries.
Sunday, February 4, 2018
How did Europeans utilize guns germs, steel and animal power in conquering the New World?
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