How do Linda Hogan's descriptions of land, animals, and the sacred align with or challenge western ways of thinking?

Novelist and poet Linda Hogan is also Writer-in-Residence for the Chickasaw Nation. Her work reflects her ancestry and culture, where the land is considered a mother—the source of nurturing rather than property—and where animals are relatives rather than lesser beings. But in Mean Spirit, the characters are from multiple tribes and spiritual backgrounds. The novel also depicts real events from history such as the mass murder of members of the Osage Nation for their oil leases.
The novel portrays the beliefs of several pan-Native practices; the Native American Church which mixes Christianity with Native traditions, especially Kiowa and peyote ceremonies from farther south; the Red Road, a concept common to many Native beliefs where one must travel the right path in life; sacred fire ceremonies; and bat medicine. These are shown in contrast to incoming greedy white colonists who murder for profit and think land is just something to exploit, killing over 60 Osages for their land.